 Note: Cases linked in the text on the right are either to BAILII reports (where available) or the Wikipedia reference. Author Solomon Salako Liverpool John Moores University
Contents Chapter 3: The Burden and Standard of Proof Chapter 4:Proof Of Facts Without Evidence Chapter 5: The Evidential Significance of Earlier Judicial Findings and Estoppels Chapter 6: Competence and Compellability Chapter 8: The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination and the Right to Silence Chapter 9: Evidence of Identity Chapter 10: Public Policy and Privilege Chapter 11: The Course of Evidence: Examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examination Chapter 12: Evidence of Character Chapter 15: Illegally Obtained Evidence and Confessions Sponsors
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Table of Cases The page numbers refer to pages in the printed version which is not available online. Australian Cases
Dawson v R (1961) 106 CLR 1 ..................................................................... 37 DPP v United Telecasters Sydney Ltd. (1990) 168 CLR 594 ......................... 28 Environment Protection Authority v Caltex Refining Co. Pty. Ltd. (1993) 178 CLR 477 ........................................................................... 108 McGregor v Stokes [1952] VLR 347 .......................................................... 217 Petty v R (1991) 173 CLR 95 ..................................................................... 108 Pyneboard Pty. Ltd. v Trade Practices Commission (1983) 152 CLR 328 .................................................................................. 108 R v Pfenning (1995) 182 CLR 461 .............................................................. 125 Swaffield and Pavic v R [1998] HCA 1; http://www.austliiedn.au/do/displ./au .............................................................. 109, 239 Weissensteiner v R (1993) 178 CLR 217 ................................................... 108 Canadian Cases Hebert v R [1990] 2 SCR 151 ............................................................ 108, 239 Law Society of Upper Canada v Skapinker (1984) 9 DLR (4 th ) 161 ............. 159 Miron v Trudel [1995] 2 SCR 418 ................................................................. 32 R v Broyles [1991] 3 SCR 595 ........................................................... 108, 239 R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd. (1985) 18 DLR 321 ............................................. 159 R v Oakes (1986) 26 DLR (4 th ) 200 .............................................................. 31 R v Seaboyer, R v Gayme (1991) 83 DLR (4 th ) 193 .................................... 158 R v Whyte (1988) 51 DLR (4 th ) 481 ............................................................. 30 Vriend v Alberta (1998) 156 DLR (4 th ) ......................................................... 32 European Court of Human Rights Allan v United Kingdom (2002) The Times, 12 November ......................... 245 Al-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom (Applications nos 267766/05 and 22228/06) 20 January 2009 ................ 197 Armstrong v United Kingdom (2002) The Times, 6 August ............... 244, 245 Asch v Austria (1993) 15 EHRR 597 .......................................................... 204 Averill v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 682 ........................................... 104 Barbera, Messegue and Jabardo v Spain (1989) 11 EHRR 360 ......................................................................... 33, 73, 197, 204 Beckles v United Kingdom (2003) 36 EHRR 13 ......................................... 105 Bensaid v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 10 ......................................... 233 Brennan v United Kingdom [2002] Crim LR 216 ................................ 230, 248 Condron v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 679 ....................................... 104 Cremieux v France (1993) 16 EHRR 357 ..................................................... 96 Delta v France (1993) 16 EHRR 574 .......................................................... 204 Doorson v Netherlands (1996) 22 EHRR 330 ............................................ 204 Edwards v United Kingdom (1993) 15 EHRR 417 ...................................... 135 Edwards and Lewis v United Kingdom (2003) The Times, 29 July ............. 247 Fischer v Austria (Case 33382/96) [2002] ECHR 22 .................................. 197 Fitt v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 480 .............................................. 135 Funke v France (1993) 16 EHRR 297 ........................................................... 96 Goodwin v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 123 ...................................... 145 Govell v United Kingdom [1999] EHRLR 121 ............................................. 231 Greek Case (The) (1969) 12 Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights 186 ............................................................ 233 Halford v United Kingdom (1998) 24 EHRR 523 ........................................ 244 Heaney and McGuiness v Ireland (2001) 33 EHRR 12 ............................... 105 Hussain v United Kingdom (2006) 43 EHRR 22 ........................................... 36 IJL, GMR and AKP v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 11, [2001] Crim LR 133 ..................................................................................... 97 Jallah v Germany , App No 54810/00, 11 July 2006 .................................... 106 Janosevic v Sweden (2004) 38 EHRR 22 ..................................................... 36 Jasper v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 441 ......................................... 135 Keenan v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 38 .......................................... 233 Khan v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 684 ............................................. 243 Klass v Germany (1978) 2 EHRR 24 .......................................................... 243 Kovstoski v Netherlands (1990) 12 EHRR 425 ................................... 197, 204 Kranski v Czech Republic , no 51277/99, 28 February 2006 ....................... 197 Luca v Italy (2003) 36 EHRR 46 ......................................................... 196, 197 Ludi v Switzerland (1993) 15 EHRR 173 .................................................... 204 Malone v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 14 ............................................ 240 McGingley and Egan v United Kingdom (1999) 27 EHRR 1 ........................ 128 McGlinchey v United Kingdom (2003) The Times, 1 May ........................... 233 Miailhe v France (1993) 16 EHRR 332 .......................................................... 96 Murray v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 29 ..................................... 97, 104 Niemetz v Germany (1993) EHRLR 121 ..................................................... 243 O'Halloran and Francis v United Kingdom (2008) 46 EHRR 21 ................... 106 Peers v Greece (2001) 33 EHRR 51 ........................................................... 233 PG and JH v United Kingdom (2001) The Times, 19 October; (2008) 46 EHRR 51 ................................................................................... 229 Phillips v United Kingdom (2001) The Times, 13 August ............................. 34 Republic of Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25 .................. 232, 233 Rowe and Davies v United Kingdom (2000) 30 EHRR 1 ............................. 132 S and Marper v United Kingdom (Applications nos 30562/04 and 30566/04), 4 December 2008 ........................................... 124, 143, 248 Saadi v Italy (Application no 37201/06), 28 February 2008 ....................... 234 Saidi v France (1994) 17 EHRR 251 ........................................................... 204 Salabiaku v France (1988) 13 EHRR 379 ................................................ 31, 32 Saunders v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 313 ................................. 97, 99 Schenk v Switzerland (1991) 13 EHRR 242 ............................................... 204 Serves v France (1999) 28 EHRR 265 ......................................................... 96 Shannon v United Kingdom (2006) 42 EHRR 31 ........................................ 105 Teixeira De Castro v Portugal (1999) 28 EHRR 101 .................................... 243 Telfner v Austria (2002) 34 EHRR 7 ....................................................... 33, 73 Trivedi v United Kingdom [1997] EHRLR 521 ...................................... 73, 204 Unterpertinger v Austria (1991) 13 EHRR 175 ............................. 73, 197, 204 Veznedaroglu v Turkey (2001) 33 EHRR 59 ............................................... 234 Visser v Netherlands [2002] Crim LR 495 ................................................. 204 New Zealand Cases Archer v Rogers [1980] 1 NZLR 570 ............................................................ 83 Davison v Quirke [1923] NZLR 552 ............................................................ 217 Ministry of Transport v Noart [1992] 2 NZLR 260 ...................................... 159 Palmer v Superintendent of Auckland Maximum Security Prison [1991] 3 NZLR 315 ......................................................................... 159 Russel McVeagh McKenzie Bartleet and Co. v Tower Corporation, unreported, 25 August 1998 ................................................ 148 R v B (An Accused) [1987] 1 NZLR 362 ............................................... 71, 211 R v Lindsay [1970] NZLR 1002 .................................................................. 123 R v M [1996] 2 NZLR 659 .......................................................................... 192 R v Phillips [1991] 3 NZLR 175 .................................................................... 33 United Kingdom Cases Abrath v North Eastern Railway (1883) 11 QB 440, (1886) 11 App Cas 247 ......................................................................... 21, 22 Agassiz v London Tramway Co. Ltd. (1873) 21 WR 199 ............................... 14 Agmashenebeli, The David, unreported, 20 November 2000 ..................... 40 Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd. v Customs and Excise Commissioners (No. 2) [1974] AC 405 .......................................... 136 Al Fayed & Ors. v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis (2002) The Times, 17 June ....................................................................... 143 Ajami v Comptroller of Customs [1954] 1 WLR 1405 ................................ 227 Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade [1983] AC 394 .......................... 130 Alli v Alli [1965] 23 All ER 480 ...................................................................... 89 Althram v Anglesea (1709) 11 Mod 210 .................................................... 181 Amos v Hughes (1835) 1 Mood & R 464, 174 ER 160 ................................. 21 Amalgamated Investment and Property Co. Ltd. v Texas Commerce International Bank Ltd. [1981] 1 All ER 923 ................................................. 64 A.M. & S. Europe Ltd. v Commission of the European Communities [1983] QB 878 .................................................................... 142 An Inquiry under the Company Securities (Insider Dealing) Act 1985, Re [1988] AC 660 ...................................................................... 145 Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Process Ltd. [1976] Ch 55 ......................... 95 Arab Monetary Fund v Hashim [1989] 3 All ER 466; [1993] 1 LL.R. 543 .............................................................................. 95, 187 Arrows Ltd. (No. 4), Re [1993] 3 WLR 656 .................................................. 96 Ashraf v Akram, unreported, 22 January 1999 ............................................ 22 Ashworth Hospital Authority v MGN Ltd. [2003] FSR 16 ............................. 149 Asiatic-Petroleum Oil Co. Ltd. v Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Ltd. [1961] 1 KB 822 ........................................................................................ 128 Attorney General v Blake [2000] 4 All ER 385 .................................... 131, 137 Attorney-General ( Hong Kong ) v Lee Kwon-Kut [1993] AC 951 ................... 31 Attorney-General v Times Newspaper [1988] 3 WLR 776 ......................... 137 A-G's Ref. (No. 3 of 1979) (1979) 69 Cr App R 44 ...................................... 153 A-G's Ref (No. 3 of 1999) [2000] 2 Cr App R 416 ....................................... 123 A-G's Ref (No. 4 of 2002) [2005] 1 All ER 237 ................................. 34, 35, 36 A-G's Ref (No. 5 of 2002) [2004] UKHL 40, [2005] 12 Cr App R 20 ............ 245 A.T. and T. Istel Ltd. v Tully (1991) The Times, 18 November ..................... 95 Bairstow v Queens Moat Houses plc [1998] 1 All ER 343 .......................... 189 Baker v Barclays Bank Ltd. [1955] 1 WLR 822 ............................................. 24 Baker v Dewey (1823) 1 B&C 704 ............................................................... 63 Banbury Peerage Case (1811) 1 Sim & St 153 ............................................ 42 Barford v Barford [1918] P.140 .................................................................. 227 Barnes v Merritt (1898) 15 TLR 419 ............................................................ 47 Barclays Bank plc v Eustice [1995] 4 All ER 511, [1995] 1 WLR 1238 ........................................................................... 140, 143 Barry v Trussler [1988] Crim LR 416 ......................................................... 234 Bater v Bater [1951] P 35 ............................................................................ 38 Batley v DPP (1998) The Times, 5 March ................................................... 237 Beatson v Skenne (1860) 4 H&N 838 ........................................................ 128 Belabel v Air India [1988] Ch 317, [1988] 2 All ER 246 .............................. 141 Berger v Raymond & Son Ltd. [1984] 1 WLR 625 ...................................... 179 Berkeley Peerage Case (1811) 4 Camp 101 .............................................. 191 Berryman v Wise (1791) 4 TR 366, 100 ER 1067 ........................................ 40 Bhandari v Advocates Committee [1956] 3 All ER 742 ................................ 38 Birmingham v Daily News Ltd. [1956] 2 QB 534 .......................................... 12 Bishopgate Investment Management Ltd. (in provisional liquidation) v Maxwell [1993] Ch 1 ............................................................... 96 Blunt v Park Lane Hotel Ltd. [1942] 2 KB 253 .............................................. 94 Bolitho v City and Hackney health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 ............... 220 Bolkiah (Prince Jefri) v KPMG (a firm) [1999] 1 All ER 517 .......................... 148 Bostock v Bostock [1950] 1 All ER 25 ....................................................... 150 Bowman v Taylor (1834) 2 A&E 278 ............................................................ 64 Bradford City Metropolitan Council v K [1990] Fam 140 ............................ 192 Bradlaugh v Gosset (1884) 12 QBD 271 ...................................................... 46 Brailey v Rhodesia Consolidated Ltd. [1910] 2 Ch 95 ................................ 227 Bratty v A-G ( Northern Ireland ) [1963] AC 386 ............................................ 23 Bridle v Ruby [1988] 3 All ER 64 .................................................................. 42 Brighty v Pearson [1938] 4 All ER 127 ......................................................... 83 British Steel Corporation v Granada TV [1981] AC 1096 ............................ 144 Bristow v Sequeville (1850) 19 LR Ex 298 ................................. 226, 227, 228 Broad v Pitt (1828) 3 C&P 518 ................................................................... 148 Broughton v Jackson (1852) 18 QB 378 ...................................................... 17 Brutus v Cozens [1973] AC 854 .................................................................. 16 Burmah Oil v Bank of England [1980] AC 90 .............................. 127, 129, 136 Burton v Gilbert [1984] RTR 162 ................................................................. 83 Butler v Mountgarett (1859) 7 HL Cas 633 ................................................ 191 Buttes Gas & Oil Co. v Hammer (No. 3) [1981] QB 233 ............................. 128 C (A Minor) v Hackney London Borough Council [1996] 1 WLR 789 ............. 55 C v C (Privilege: Criminal Communications) [2001] 3 WLR 446 ................. 143 Caffoor v Commissioner for Income Tax Colombo [1961] AC 584 .............. 55 Calcraft v Guest [1898] 1 QB 759 ...................................................... 128, 143 Callis v Gunn [1964] 1 QB 405 ................................................................... 122 Camelot Group plc v Centaur Communications Ltd. (1997) The Times, 15 July ......................................................................... 146 Carpenter v Butler (1841) 8 M&W 209 ........................................................ 63 Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Rayner & Keeler (No. 2) [1967] 1 AC 853, [1966] 2 All ER 536 ..................................................................................... 55 Carr v London and North Western Railway Co. (1875) LR 10 CP 307 ........... 64 Chamberlain v Lindon [1998] 2 All ER 538 .................................................. 25 Chandrasekera v R [1937] AC 220 ............................................................. 184 Chapman v Walton (1833) 10 Bing 57 ......................................................... 13 Chard v Chard [1956] P 259, [1955] 3 WLR 954, [1955] 3 All ER 721, 99 SJ 890 .................................................................... 41 Chatterton v Secretary for India [1895] 2 QB 189 ..................................... 128 Cheddar Valley Engineering Ltd. v Cheedlewood Homes Ltd. [1992] 1 WLR 820 ..................................................................................... 150 Christofi v Barclays Bank plc [1998] 2 All ER 484 ....................................... 146 Church of England Building Society v Piskor [1954] Ch 553 ........................ 63 Cobra Gulf Inc. v Rata (1996) The Times, 11 October ................................. 95 Concha v Concha (1986) 11 App Cas 541 ................................................... 53 Connelly v DPP [1964] AC 1254 ................................................................... 58 Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910 ............................................................. 129 Countess of Shelbourne v Earl of Inchiquin (1781) 1 Bro Cc 338 ................ 38 Coventry, Sheppard & Co. v Great Eastern Railway (1993) 11 QBD 776 ...... 65 Crosland v DPP [1988] 3 All ER 712 ............................................................. 83 D (Evidence: Facilitated Communication), Re [2001] 1 FLR 148 ................. 68 D v DPP (1998) The Times, 7 August ......................................................... 119 D v NSPCC [1978] AC 171 .................................................................. 127, 131 Daley v R [1994] 1 AC 117 ........................................................................ 114 Davie v Edinburgh Magistrates, 1953 SC 34 .............................................. 221 Davies v DPP [1953] AC 378, [1953] 1 All ER 507 ........................................ 81 De Beéche v South American Stores, Etc. Ltd. [1935] AC 148 .................. 227 Derby & Co. Ltd. v Wheldon (No. 8) (1990) The Times, 29 August .... 144, 222 Desmond v Bower (2009) The Times, 4 August ........................................ 180 Doe d Church and Phillips v Perkins (1790) 3 Term Rep 749 ..................... 153 Doe d. Francis v Andrews (1850) 15 QB 756 ............................................. 189 Dillon v R [1982] 1 All ER 1017 .................................................................... 40 DPP v A and BC Chewing Gum Ltd. [1968] 1 QB 159 ............................... 223 DPP v Ara [2001] 4 All ER 559 ............................................................ 110, 133 DPP v Boardman [1975] AC 421 .......................................................... 90, 170 DPP v Hester [1973] AC 296 ........................................................................ 81 DPP v Humphreys [1977] AC 1 .................................................................... 58 DPP v Jordan [1977] AC 699 ...................................................................... 223 DPP v Kilbourne [1973] 1 All ER 440 ............................................................ 81 DPP v M [1997] 2 Cr App R 70 ..................................................................... 71 DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182, (1975) Cr App R 136 ............................... 21, 66 DPP v Ping Lin [1976] AC 574 .................................................................... 229 DPP v Stonehouse [1978] AC 55 ........................................................... 17, 19 DPP v Wright [2009] EWHC 105 (Admin) ..................................................... 36 Dubai Aluminium Co. Ltd. v Sayed Reyadh S. Nasser Al Alawi (1999) The Times, 6 January ....................................................................... 95 Dubai Bank Ltd. v Galadari (No. 6) (1991) The Times, 22 April ................... 140 Duff Development Co. v Government of Kelantan [1924] AC 797 ............... 45 Duncan v Cammel, Laird & Co. Ltd. [1942] AC 624 ........................... 127, 128 Dunn International Ltd. v CDE, unreported, 20 November 1997 ............... 185 Ellis v Allen [1914] 1 Ch 904 ....................................................................... 47 Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1029 .................................................. 242 Evans v Getting (1834) 6 C&P 586 .............................................................. 46 Everingham v Roundell (1838) 2 M&R 138 ................................................ 190 Ewer v Ambrose (1825) 3 B&C 746 ........................................................... 155 Ex parte Bottomley [1909] 2 KB 14 .......................................................... 152 F v F (1996) The Independent, 26 February ............................................. 192 F v Kent Chief Constable [1982] Crim LR 682 ............................................ 237 Fenwick's Trial (1696) 14 Hon St Tr 537 .................................................... 181 Fidelitas Shipping Co. Ltd. v v/o Exportchleb [1966] 1 QB 630, [1965] 2 All ER 4 ......................................................................................... 53 Folkes v Chadd (1782) 3 Doug KB 157 ................................................ 14, 219 Fowden v White [1982] Crim LR 585 ......................................................... 184 Fowkes v Berrington [1914] 2 Ch 308 ....................................................... 191 Ford v Hopkins (1700) 1 Salk 283 ......................................................... 6, 181
Friend v Civil Aviation Authority [2002] 4 All ER 385 .................................... 54 Fryer v Gathercole (1849) 13 Jur 542 ....................................................... 228 Fulcher v R [1995] 2 Cr App R 251 ............................................................ 171 G (An Infant) v Coltart [1967] 1 QB 432, [1967] 1 All ER 271 .............. 56, 167 G v DPP [1997] 2 Cr App R 78, [1997] 2 All ER 755 ...................... 71, 162, 220 Garcin v Amerindo Investment Advisors Ltd. [1991] 1 WLR 1140 ............ 189 Garner v Garner (1920) 36 TLR 196 .......................................................... 149 Garner v Chief Constable of Manchester (1983) The Times, 14 May .......... 113 Garton v Hunter (1969) 2 QB 37 ................................................................... 7 Gaskin v Liverpool C.C. [1980] 1 WLR 1549 ............................................... 129 Gatland v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 QB 279 .................... 26 Gilbey v Great Western Rail Co. (1910) 102 LT 202 ................................... 218 Goddard v Nationwide B.S. [1986] 3 All ER 264 ......................................... 143 Goodright d. Stevens v Moss (1777) 2 Cowp 591 ..................................... 191 Goody v Odhams Press Ltd. [1966] 3 WLR 460 ........................................... 50 Goold v Evans & Co [1951] 2 TLR 1189 ....................................................... 12 Green v Kettle [1938] AC 156 ..................................................................... 63 Greenough v Eccles (1859) 28 LJCP 160 ................................................... 155 Greenwood v Martins Bank [1933] AC 51 .................................................... 64 Group Torras SA v Sheik Fahad Mohammed Al Sabah & Ors. (1999) The Independent, 25 February ...................................................... 228 H v Schering Chemicals Ltd. [1972] 3 All ER 829 ...................................... 187 H (minors), Re [1996] AC 563 ..................................................................... 37 Hales v Kerr (1908) 2 KB 601 ...................................................................... 14 Halford v Sharples [1992] 3 All ER 624 ...................................................... 134 Harb v King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz (2005) The Times, 6 June .......................... 46 Harrington v Berker Sportcraft Ltd. [1980] 1 ICR 248 ................................. 45 Harriman v Harriman [1909] P 123 .............................................................. 52 Harris v Harris [1931] P 10 ........................................................................ 150 Harris v Tippett (1811) 2 Camp 637, 170 ER 1277 .................... 156, 166, 168 Hart v Lancashire and Yorkshire Rail Co. (1896) 21 LT 261 .......................... 14 Hayne v Maltby (1789) 3 TR 438 ................................................................. 52 Heine v Jyske Bank ( Gibraltar ) Ltd. (1999) The Times, 28 September ........ 39 Henley v Henley [1995] 1 All ER 59 ........................................................... 150 Hennessy v Wright (1888) 21 QBD 509 ..................................................... 128 Henriques v R [1991] Crim LR 912 ............................................................ 202 Herniman v Smith [1938] AC 305, [1938] 1 All ER 1 ................................... 17 HM Advocate v Birkett (1992) The Times, 29 October ......................... 71, 210 HM Advocate v McIntosh [2001] HRLR 20 ................................................... 34 Hodgson, Re (1885) 31 Ch D 177 ............................................................... 89 Holcombe v Hewson (1810) 2 Camp 391 ........................................... 14, 179 Holland v Roberts (1938) 158 LT 313 .......................................................... 83 Hollingham v Head (1858) 27 LJCP 241 ....................................................... 14 Hollington v F. Hewthorn & Co. Ltd. [1943] 1 KB 587 .................................. 48 Home v Betnick (1920) 2 Brod & B 130 .................................................... 128 Hopewell v De Pinna (1809) 2 Camp 113 .................................................... 42 Hornal v Neuberger Products Ltd. [1957] 1 QB 247, [1956] 3 All ER 970 .... 37 Hoystead v Income Tax Commissioner [1926] AC 155 ............................... 55 Hunter v Chief Constable of West Midlands [1981 3 All ER 727 ............. 49, 54 Huth v Huth [1915] KB 32 ........................................................................... 46 Ibrahim v R [1914] AC 599 ........................................................................ 229 Instance v Denny Bros. Printers Ltd. (2000) The Times, 28 February ....... 150 Interbrew SA v Financial Times Ltd. (2002) The Times, 4 January ............. 136 Irish Society v Bishop of Derry (1846) 12 CL & F 641 ................................ 189 I.T.C. Film Distributors v Video Exchange [1982] Ch 4431 ........................ 143 J, Re [1990] FCR 193 ................................................................................. 210 J v Oyston [1999] 1 WLR 694 ...................................................................... 49 Jayasena v R [1970] 1 All ER 219 .......................................................... 20, 37 Jeffrey v Johnson [1952] 2 QB 8 ................................................................. 83 Jenion, Re [1952] Ch 454 .................................................................... 43, 191 John v Express Newspapers (2000) The Times, 26 April ........................... 145 Johnson v Barnes (1873) LR 8 CP 527 ......................................................... 42 Jones v DPP [1962] AC 635 ....................................................................... 167 Joseph Constantine Steamship Line, Ltd. v Imperial Smelting Corporation, Ltd. [1942] AC 154 .................................................. 22 Kajala v Noble (1982) 75 Cr App R 149 .................................................. 7, 184 Karanakaran v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2000) The Times, 16 February ................................................................... 38 Kaufman v Credit Lyonnais Bank (995) The Times, 1 February .................. 137 Kerr v Kennedy [1942] 1 KB 409 ............................................................... 191 Kershaw v Whelan [1996] 1 WLR 359 ....................................................... 144 Khawaja v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1984] AC 74 ....... 38 King of Two Siciles v Wilcox (1851) 1 Sim NS 301 ....................................... 94 Knight v David [1971] 3 All ER 1066 .......................................................... 191 Koscot Interplanetary ( UK ) Ltd., Re [1972] 3 All ER 829 ........................... 187 Kuruma, Son of Kaniu v R [1955] AC 197, [1955] 1 All ER 236 .................. 229 L (minors), Re (1995) The Times, 3 July ..................................................... 37 Lafone v Griffin (1909) 25 TLR 308 ............................................................ 190 Lam Chi-Ming v R [1991] Crim LR 914 ............................................... 184, 230 Lan Pak Ngam v R [1966] Crim LR 443 ...................................................... 153 Lawrence v Chester Chronicle (1986) The Times, 8 February ..................... 38 Leeds City Council v Harte, unreported, 14 January 1999 ......................... 185 Lilburn's Case, 3 St. Tr 1315-1368; excerpted in J.F. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England , Macmillan, 1883, Vol. 1, at 343 .............................................................................................. 93 Lilley v Pettit [1948] KB 401 ...................................................................... 189 Li Shu-Ling v R [1988] AC 270 ..................................................... 12, 184, 230 Liverpool Roman Catholic Archdiocese Trustees Incorporated v Goldberg (No. 2) [2001] 4 All ER 950 ........................................................ 225 Lloyd v Mostyn (1842) 10 M&W 478 .......................................................... 128 Longden v British Coal Corp. [1998] 1 All ER 289 ...................................... 192 Lonrho plc v Fayed & Ors. (No. 4) [1994] 1 All ER 870 .............................. 137 Low v Bouverie [1891] 3 Ch 82 ................................................................... 52 Lowery v R [1974] AC 85, [1973] 3 All ER 662 ........................................... 220 Ludlow v MPC [1971] AC 29 ....................................................................... 171 Lyell v Kennedy (18887) 56 LT 647 ........................................................... 189 M (A Minor), Re (1980) The Times, 4 January ............................................ 131 Makanjuola v Commissioner of Police [1992] 3 All ER 617 ........................ 134 Maher v DPP (2006) 170 JPR 441 ....................................................... 209, 218 Makin v Attorney-General for New South Wales [1894] AC 57 ........... 170, 171 Malindi v R [1967] AC 439 ......................................................................... 167 Manchester Brewery v Coombs (1900) 82 LT 347 .................................... 184 Mancini v DPP [1942] AC 1 ........................................................................... 23 Marginson v Blackburn Borough Council [1939] 1 All ER 273, [1939] 2 KB 426 ..................................................................... 55 Marks v Beyfus (1890) 23 QBD 494 ........................................................... 132 Mason v Provident clothing and Supply Co. Ltd. [1913] AC 724 .................. 17 Matto v DPP [1987] Crim LR 641 ............................................................... 239 Maxwell v DPP [1935] AC 309 ............................................................ 167, 168 McCarthy v The Melita (Owners) (1923) 16 BWCC 222 ............................... 191 McE, In Re [2009] UKHL 15 ............................................................... 143, 247 McEwan v DPP (2007) 171 JPR 308 ............................................................ 196 McShane v Northumbria Chief Constable (1980) 72 Cr App R 209 ............. 112 McTaggart v McTaggart [1948] 2 All ER 754 .............................................. 150 Mecklermedia Corporation v D.C. Congress Gmbh (1997) The Times, 27 March ................................................................................... 55 Mercantile Bank of India Ltd. v Central Bank of India Ltd. [1938] AC 287 ............................................................................................. 65 Merchant Prince, The [1891-4] All ER Rep. 396, [1892] P 179 ..................... 21 Mercer v Denne [1905] 2 Ch 538 ...................................................... 189, 191 Mercer v Whall (1845) 5 QB 447 ................................................................ 151 Metropolitan Asylum District v Hill (1882) 47 LT 29 ..................................... 14 Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Locker (1993) 142 NLJ 543 .............. 134 Metropolitan Railway Co. v Jackson (1877) 3 App Cas 193 .......................... 17 Michael O'Mara Books Ltd. v Express Newspapers plc (1998) The Times, 6 March ....................................................................... 146 Miller v Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372 ......................................... 37 Mills v Cooper [1967] 2 QB 459 ................................................................... 58 Mood Music Publishing Co. Ltd. v de Wolfe [1976] 1 All E 763 ........... 172, 179 Moore v Hewitt [1947] KB 381 .................................................................... 83 Moore v R. Fox & Sons [1956] 1 QB 596 ..................................................... 21 Morgans v DPP [2000] 2 Cr App R 113 ....................................................... 244 Moorgate Mercantile Co. Ltd. v Twitchings [1977] AC 890 ........................... 65 Mostyn v Fabrigas (1774) 1 Cowper 161 ..................................................... 45 Murdoch v Taylor [1965] AC 574 ............................................................... 168 Myers v DPP [1965] AC 1001 ......................................................... 8, 183, 217 N v N (1991) The Times, 13 August ............................................................ 37 Napier v The Scottish Ministers (2001) The Times, 15 November ............. 233 National Justice Compania Naviera SA v Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. (Ikarian Reefer) (1993) The Times, 5 March, [1993] 2 LLR 68 ............ 222 Nawrot v Chief Constable of Hampshire Police (1992) The Independent, 7 January ....................................................................... 54 Neilson v Laugharne [1981] 1 QB 736 ....................................................... 134 Nembhard v R [1982] 1 All ER 183 .............................................................. 85 Nepean v Doe (1837) 2 M&W 894 ............................................................... 42 New Romney (Mayor) v New Romney (Commissioner of Sewers) [1892] 1 QB 840; 61 LJQB 558 .................................................................. 191 Nicholas v Penny [1950] 2 KB 466 .............................................................. 83 Nimmo v Alexander Cowan & Sons Ltd. [1968] AC 107 ......................... 26, 27 Noor Mohammed v R [1949] AC 182 ......................................................... 171 Norwich Pharmacal v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133 ........................................................................................... 136 Nottingham City Council v Amin [2001] 1 Cr App R 426 ............................ 229 O'Brien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2005] 2 All ER 931 ......... 180 Omichund v Barker (1744) Willes Rep 550 ................................................ 181 O'Sullivan v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis (1995) The Times, 3 July ........................................................................... 134 Oxford Poor Rate Case, Re (1857) 8 E&B 184 .............................................. 43 Paddock v Forrester (1842) 3 Man & Cr 903 .............................................. 150 Paragon Finance plc v Freshfields (a firm) (1999) The Times, 22 March .... 144 Parkes v R (1977) 64 Cr App R 25 ............................................................. 100 Parkin v Moon (1836) 7 C&P 408 ............................................................... 152 Paterson v Nixon, 1960 JC 42 .................................................................... 123 Pharaon v Bank of Credit and Commerce International [1998] 4 All ER 455 ................................................................................... 147 Phene's Trust, Re (1870) LR 5 Ch 139 ......................................................... 42 Pickard v Sears (1837) 6 Ad & EL 469 ......................................................... 63 Polivitte Ltd. v Commercial Union Assurance Co. Plc [1987] 1 LLR 379 ..... 222 Preston-Jones v Preston-Jones [1951] AC 391 ........................................... 37 Prince v Samo (1838) 7 AD & EL 627 ........................................................ 165 Proulx (Re), R v Bow Street Magistrates' Court, ex p Proulx [2001] 1 All ER 57 ..................................................................................... 235 Radford v Kent County Council (1998) 162 JPR 697 .................................. 107 Rakusen v Ellis Munday and Clarke [1912] 1 Ch 831, [1911-13] All ER Rep 813 ........................................................................................... 148 Randolph v Tuck [1962] 1 QB 175 ............................................................... 55 Rank Film Distributors Ltd. v Video Information Centre [1982] AC 380 ............................................................................................. 95 Raphael, Re [1973] 1 WLR 998 .................................................................... 48 Ratten v R [1972] AC 378 .......................................................................... 215 Read v Bishop of Lincoln [1892] AC 644 .............................................. 46, 191 Reid v R [1996] Crim LR 113 ..................................................................... 112 Republic of Yemen v Aziz (2005) The Times, 22 June ................................. 46 Reynolds v Llanelly Associated Tinplate Co. Ltd. [1948] 1 ALL ER 40 .......... 44 Rhesa Shipping Co. SA v Edmunds [1985] 2 All ER 712 .............................. 22 Richard v R [1992] 4 All ER 897 ................................................................... 57 Rogers v Home Secretary [1973] AC 388 ......................................... 127, 134 Rosher, Re (1884) 26 Ch D 801 .................................................................. 46 Royal Brompton Hospital National Health Service Trust v Hammond (2001) The Times, 11 May .......................................................................... 39 Rumping v DPP [1964] AC 814 .................................................................. 150 R (on the application of Morgan Grenfell & Co. Ltd.) v Special Commissioner of Income Tax [2002] 3 All ER 1 – 127 .............................. 141 R (on the application of Robinson) v Sutton Coldfield Magistrates' Court (2006) 170 JPR 336 ..................................................... 207 R (On the application of the DPP) v Acton Youth Court, unreported, 22 May 2001 ......................................................................... 136 R (D) v Camberwell Green Youth Court; R (G) v Camberwell Green Youth Court [2005] 1 WLR 393 ......................................................... 73 R (S) v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (2005) The Times, 23 July ...... 123 R (TB) v Stafford Crown Court [2006] 2 Cr App R 34 .................................. 149 R(X) v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police (2004) The Times, 8 August ................................................................................. 169 R v A [1997] Crim LR 883 .......................................................................... 107 R v A (No. 2) [2001] 2 WLR 1546 ............................................................. 159 R v Absolam (1989) 88 Cr App R 332 ....................................................... 237 R v Acton Justices, ex p McMullen; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates' Court, ex p Lawlor (1990) 92 Cr App R 98 ................................................ 206 R v Adair [1990] Crim LR 571 ................................................................... 168 R v Adams [1996] 2 Cr App R 467 .................................................... 123, 220 R v Adams [1997] Crim LR 292 ................................................................ 132 R v Agar [1990] Crim LR 183 .................................................................... 132 R v Ainscough (2006) 170 JPR 517, [2006] Crim LR 635 ........................... 177 R v Alath Construction Ltd., R v Brightman [1990] 1 WLR 1255, [1990] Crim LR 516 .................................................................................... 28 R v Ali (1991) The Times, 19 February ............................................. 184, 230 R v Allen [1996] Crim LR 426 ................................................................... 121 R v Amado-Taylor [2001] 8 Arch News 1 .................................................. 159 R v Anastasiou [1998] Crim LR 67 ............................................................ 119 R v Andrews [1987] 1 All ER 513 .............................................................. 213 R v Argent [1997] 2 Cr App R 27 .............................................................. 102 R v Ashford and Smith [1988] Crim LR 682 ................................................ 25 R v Ashford Magistrates' Court, ex p Hilden [1993] 2 All ER 154 ............... 206 R v Atard (1958) 43 Cr App R 90 ................................................................ 69 R v Atkinson (2006) 170 JPR 605 .............................................................. 177 R v Aujla (1997) The Times, 24 November ............................................... 244 R v B (MT) [2000] Crim LR 181 ................................................................. 103 R v B [1990] Crim LR 510 ........................................................................... 70 R v B [1996] Crim LR 499 ......................................................................... 211 R v Bailey [1993] 3 All ER 512, (1993) 143 NLJ 579 ................................... 241 R v Bailey [1995] 2 Cr App R 262 .............................................................. 236 R v Baker [1969] Crim LR 55 .................................................................... 132 R v Ball [1911] AC 47 ................................................................................ 171 R v Barber (1988) The Times, 29 July ......................................................... 91 R v Barker [1941] 2 KB 381 .............................................................. 230, 238 R v Barratt and Sheehan [1996] Crim LR 495 ............................................. 68 R v Bashir [1969] 1 WLR 1303 .................................................................. 157 R v Baskerville [1916] 2 KB 658 ..................................................... 80, 81, 87 R v Beck [1982] 1 All ER 807 ...................................................................... 85 R v Beckett (1913) 8 Cr App R 204 ........................................................... 228 R v Beckles [2004] ECWA Crim 2766 ......................................................... 105 R v Bedingfield (1879) 14 Cox CC 341 ...................................................... 215 R v Beedie [1997] 3 WLR 758, [1997] Crim LR 747 .................................... 57 R v Bellamy (1985) 82 Cr App R 222 .......................................................... 68 R v Benjafield [2002] 1 All ER 815 .............................................................. 34 R v Bentley [1991] Crim LR 620 ....................................................... 112, 114 R v Berry (1986) 83 Cr App R 7 ................................................................ 171 R v Betts and Hall [2001] 2 Cr App R 257 ................................................. 102 R v Biggin (1920) 1 KB 213 ...................................................................... 167 R v Birchall [1999] Crim LR 511 ................................................................ 106 R v Bird (1997) 161 JPR 96 ....................................................................... 206 R v Black (1922) 16 Cr App R 118 ............................................................. 218 R v Blackledge (William Stuart) (No. 2) (1995) The Times, 8 November .......................................................................... 131 R v Blake (1844) 6 QB 126 ........................................................................ 212 R v Blenkinsop [1995] 1 Cr App R 7 .......................................................... 121 R v Blick (1966) 50 Cr App R 280 ................................................................ 44 R v Bliss (1837) 7 Ad & El 550 .................................................................. 191 R v Bothrill [1947] KB 41 ............................................................................ 46 R v Botmeh and Alami [2002] Crim LR 209 .............................................. 135 R v Boulkhrif [1999] Crim LR 73 ............................................................... 186 R v Bovell, R v Dowds [2005] 2 Cr App ?R 27 ............................................ 169 R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrates & Others, ex p. Pinochet Ugarte (No. 3) [1999] 2 WLR 827 ....................................... 46 R v Bowden (1999) 163 JPR 337 .............................................................. 104 R v Bowers (1999) 163 JPR 33 ................................................................. 102 R v Boyes (1861) 30 LJQB 301 ................................................................... 94 R v Boyson [1991] Crim LR 274 ................................................................. 52 R v Bracewell (1978) 68 Cr App R 44 ........................................................ 167 R v Bradley (1979) 70 Cr App R 200 ......................................................... 171 R v Bradley (2005) 169 JPR 73 .................................................................. 172 R v Braithwaite [1983] 1 WLR 385, [1983] 2 All ER 87 ................................ 24 R v Brasier (1779) 1 Leach 199 ............................................................ 69, 70 R v Britton and Richards [1989] Crim LR 144 ........................................... 117 R v Britzman [1983] 1 WLR 350 ............................................................... 167 R v Brown (1989) 89 Cr App R .................................................................. 159 R v Brown (D.W.) (1971) 55 Cr App R 478 .................................................. 24 R v Brown and Daley (1987) 87 Cr App R 52 ............................................. 132 R v Brushett, unreported, 21 December 2000 ......................................... 131 R Burge and Pegge [1996] 1 Cr App R 163 .................................................. 91 R v Burke (1985) 82 Cr App R 156 ............................................................ 167 R v Burke [1990] Crim LR 401 .................................................................... 12 R v Butterwasser [1948] 1 KB 4 ....................................................... 166, 168 R v C [1996] Crim LR 37 ........................................................................... 159 R v C [2006] 3 All ER 689 .......................................................................... 172 R v C [2008] 1 WLR 966 ............................................................................ 160 R v C and K [2006] Crim LR 637 ................................................................ 203 R v Caird [1970] Crim LR 656 ................................................................... 116 R v Campbell (1983) 147 JPR 392, [1983] Crim LR 174 .............................. 70 R v Campbell [1995] 1 Cr App R 522 .................................................. 83, 236 R v Campbell [1996] Crim LR 500 ............................................................ 116 R v Campbell [2007] 2 Cr App R 28 ........................................................... 175 R v Camplin [1978] AC 705 ...................................................................... 224 R v Carceres-Moreira [1995] Crim LR 489 ................................................. 171 R v Cartwright (1914) 10 Cr App R 219 ..................................................... 116 R v Case [1992] Crim LR 192 ................................................................... 202 R v Castillo [1996] 1 Cr App R 438 ............................................................ 203 R v Central Criminal Court, ex p Francis and Francis [1989] AC 346 ......... 142 R v Central Criminal Court, ex p The Guardian, The Observer and Bright [2002] Crim LR 64 ................................................................... 142 R v Chadwick (1917) 12 Cr App R 247 ...................................................... 121 R v Champ [1982] Crim LR 109 .................................................................. 25 R v Chandler (1976) 63 CR App R 1 .......................................................... 100 R v Chapman [1973] QB 774, [1973] 2 All ER 624 ...................................... 89 R v Chapman [1980] Crim LR 42 ................................................................ 78 R v Chapman [1991] Crim LR 44 ................................................................. 51 R v Chard (1971) 56 Cr App R 268 .................................................... 220, 224 R v Cheema [1994 1 WLR 147 ................................................................... 85 R v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police, ex p Wiley [1994] 3 WLR 433 .................................................................................... 134 R v Ching [1976] 63 Cr App R 7 .................................................................. 38 R v Chitson [1909] KB 945 ....................................................................... 167 R v Christie [1914] AC 545 ........................................................................ 100 R v Clarke [1995] 2 Cr App R 45 ....................................................... 162, 220 R v Clewer (19553) 37 Cr App R 37 .......................................................... 208 R v Cokar [1960] 2 QB 202 ............................................................... 167, 168 R v Cole (1810) Judges' Notebooks on Crown Cases, Vol. 3 ..................... 170 R v Condron (1997) 161 JPR 1 .................................................................. 104 R v Conti (1974) 58 Cr App R 387 ............................................................... 75 R v Conway (John) [1990] Crim LR 402 .................................................... 117 R v Cook (1987) 84 Cr App R 369 ............................................................. 121 R v Cook [1959] 2 QB 340 ........................................................................ 167 R v Cooke [1995] Crim LR 369 ......................................................... 122, 220 R v Cowan, Gayle and Ricciardi (1996) 160 JPR 165 .......................... 102, 106 R v Cox [1991] Crim LR 276 ............................................................... 83, 236 R v Cox and Railton (1884) 14 QBD 153 ................................................... 140 R v Crampton [1991] Crim LR 277 ............................................................ 234 R v Crawford [1997] 1 WLR 1329, [1997] Crim LR 749 ............................. 168 R v Crozier (1990) Guardian Law Reports, 8 May ...................................... 149 R v Da Silva [1990] Crm LR 200 ................................................................ 152 R v Dallagher (2002) The Times, 21 August ..................................... 122, 220 R v Daly [2002] 1 Arch News 2 ................................................................. 103 R v Davies [1962] 3 All ER 97 ................................................................... 228 R v Davis , Johnson and Rowe (1993) 97 Cr App R 110 ............................. 135 R v Davis [2008] UKHL 36 ......................................................................... 198 R v Davison [1988] Crim LR 442 ............................................................... 232 R v Day (Barry) (1996) The Times, 8 March .............................................. 211 R v Delay (2006) 170 JPR 581 ................................................................... 177 R v Deenik [1992] Crim LR 578 ................................................................ 125 R v Delaney (1989) 88 Cr App R 338 ........................................................ 235 R v Derby Magistrates Court, ex p B [1995] 3 WLR 681 ............................ 141 R v Deroda [2001] 1 Cr App R 41 .............................................................. 208 R v Devereux (1905) The Times, 28 July .................................................. 214 R v Devonport [1996] Crim LR 255 ........................................................... 212 R v Director of Serious Fraud, ex p Smith [1992] 1 All ER 730 ................... 96 R v Dixon (1925) 19 Cr App R 36 ................................................................ 84 R v Dixon (Sarah Louise) (2000) 164 JPR 721, [2001] Crim LR 126 ............ 51 R v Dixon and Mann (1994) The Times, 31 December ............................. 241 R v Doheny [1997] 1 Cr App R 369 ................................................... 122, 220 R v Dowley [1983] Crim LR 168 .................................................................. 91 R v DPP, ex p Kebilene; R v DPP, ex p Rechachi [2000] 1 Cr App R 275 ......................................................................... 25, 29 R v Dragic (1996) 2 Cr App R 232 ............................................................. 205 R v Duffy [1999] 1 Cr App R 307 ............................................................... 211 R v Duffus (1993) 158 JPR 224 .................................................................. 171 R v Dunbar [1957] 2 All ER 737, [1958] 1 QB 1 .................................. 24, 212 R v Dunkley [1927] 1 KB 323 ................................................................... 167 R v Dunlop [2007] 1 WLR 1657 ................................................................... 63 R v Dunning [1965] Crim LR 372 ................................................................ 68 R v E [2004] ECWA Crim 1243, [2004] 2 Cr App R 29 ................................ 245 R v Edwards (1872) Cox CC 230 ............................................................... 214 R v Edwards [1975] QB 27 ................................................................... 21, 26 R v Edwards, Fysh, Duggan and Chohan [2006] 1 Cr App R 3 .................... 175 R v Effik (1992) 95 Cr App R 427 .............................................................. 229 R v El-Hannachi [1998] 2 Cr App R 226 .................................................... 119 R v Evans-Jones (1923) 87 JPR 115 ........................................................... 24 R v Everett [1988] Crim LR 826 ............................................... 235, 236, 238 R v F (Complainant's sexual history)(2005) The Times, 16 March ............. 160 R v Farid (1945) 30 Cr App R 168 ............................................................... 84 R v Feely [1973] QB 530, [1973] 1 All ER 3412 .......................................... 16 R v Finch [2007] 1 Cr App R 33 ................................................................. 231 R v Fitzpatrick (Gerald) (1999) The Times, 19 February ............................ 223 R v Forbes [2001] 1 Cr App R 430 ............................................................ 119 R v Fotheringham [1975] Crim LR 710 ..................................................... 152 R v Fowler (1988) 86 Cr App R 219 .......................................................... 171 R v French and Gowhar (1993) 97 Cr App R 421 ...................................... 202 R v Fricker (1999) The Times, 13 July ........................................................ 44 R v Friend [1997] 1 WLR 1433 ................................................................. 107 R v Fulling [1987] QB 426 .......................................................................... 231 R v Funderburk [1990] 2 All ER 482 .................................................. 159, 160 R v Galbraith [1981] 2 All ER 1060 ............................................................... 18 R v Gannon (1988) 87 Cr App R 254 ........................................................... 23
R v Gaynor [1988] Crim LR 242 ................................................................ 117 R v Genns and Britton [1996] Crim LR 502 ................................................. 91 R v Gibson (1887) 18 QBD 537 ................................................................. 182 R v Gibson (2000) The Times, 2 March ....................................................... 34 R v Gilfoyle [1996] Crim LR 198 ................................................................ 201 R v Gilfoyle [2001] 2 Cr App R 57 ..................................................... 214, 220 R v Gill (1963) 47 Cr App R 166 .................................................................. 23 R v Gill [2001] 1 Cr App R 160 .................................................................. 103 R v Gokal [1997] 2 Cr App R 266 .............................................................. 204 R v Goldenberg [1988] Crim LR 678 ................................................. 234. 238 R v Goodway [1993] 4 All ER 225 ............................................................... 91 R v Gough [2002] Crim LR 526 .................................................................. 107 R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex p Levin [1997] 3 All ER 289 ................ 192 R v Governor of Pentonville Prison, ex p Osman [1990] 1 WLR .................... 7 R v Graham [1973] Crim LR 628 ............................................................... 152 R v Grant (Thomas) [1985] Crim LR 387 .................................................... 25 R v Grant [1944] 2 All ER 311 ..................................................................... 74 R v Grant [1936] 2 All ER 1156 ................................................................... 57 R v Grant [2006] QB 60 ............................................................................. 141 R v Gray [1995] 2 Cr App R 100 ................................................................. 212 R v Griffiths [1990] Crim LR 181 ................................................................. 56 R v H (1988) 86 Cr App R 349 .................................................................. 239 R v H [1987] Crim LR 47 ............................................................................ 238 R v H (1990) 2 All ER 881 .......................................................................... 211 R v H [1994] 2 All ER 881 ........................................................................... 88 R v H, unreported, December 1998 (Bristol Crown Court) ............... 161, 220 R v H, R v G (dec'd) [2006] 1 Cr App R 10 ................................................. 162 R v H and C [2004] 2 Cr App R 10 .............................................................. 136 R v Hacker (1994) The Times, 21 November; [1995] 1 All ER 45 ......................................................................................... 164, 171 R v Halpin [1975] 1 QB 907 ...................................................................... 190 R v Hampshire [1995] 2 Cr App R 319 ........................................................ 70 R v Hanson, R v Gilmore, R v Pickstone (2005) 169 JPR 250 ..................... 173 R v Hardy (1794) 24 St Tr 199 .................................................................. 132 R v Harris [2002] ECWA Crim 174 .............................................................. 120 R v Harry (1988) 86 Cr Ap R 105 .............................................................. 216 R v Harvey [1988] Crim LR 241 ................................................................ 235 R v Hasson and Davey [1997] Crim LR 579 ................................................ 52 R v Hay (1860) F&F 4 ............................................................................... 148 R v Hayes [1977] 1 WLR 234 .................................................................... 113 R v Haynes (1976) 64 Cr App R 194 ........................................................... 70 R v Hayter [2005] 1 WLR 605 .................................................................... 231 R v Heaton (1832) 1 Lew CC 116 ............................................................. 122 R v Henderson , unreported, Central Criminal Court, 5 October 1992 ....... 131 R v Hepworth [1955] 2 QB 600 .................................................................. 37 R v Hertfordshire County Council, ex p Green [2000] HRLR 359 ................. 97 R v Hewett [1978] RTR 174 ...................................................................... 113 R v Hewitt and Davis (1992) 95 Cr App R 81 ............................................. 132 R v Highton, Van Nguyen and Carp [2005] 1 WLR 3472 .................... 177, 178 R v Hill (1851) 2 Den 254 ........................................................................... 68 R v Hill [1996] Crim LR 419 ........................................................................ 92 R v Hogan [1974] QB 398 ........................................................................... 58 R v Hogan [1997] Crim LR 349 ................................................................. 193 R v Horncastle and Ors. (2009) The Times, 3 June .................................... 196 R v Horne [1990] Crim LR 188 ................................................................. 100 R v Horseferry Road Magistrates' Court, ex p Bennett (No. 2) [1994] 1 All ER 289 ...................................................................... 134 R v Howell [2003] Crim LR 405 .................................................................. 105 R v Howick [1970] Crim LR 403 ................................................................ 116 R v Hughes (1977) The Times, 8 November ............................................ 116 R v Humphris (2005) 169 JPR 441 ............................................................. 177 R v Hunt [1987] 1 All ER 1 .......................................................................... 26 R v Hunter [1969] Crim LR 262 ................................................................ 116 R v Hurst [1995] 1 Cr App R 82 ................................................................. 202 R v Hutchings (1991) 6 QBD 300 ................................................................ 53 R v Islam [1998] Crim LR 575, (1998) 162 JPR 391 .................................... 82 R v Jennings (1912) 7 Cr App R 242 ............................................................ 84 R v Jennion [1962] 1 WLR 317 ................................................................. 223 R v John [1973] Crim LR 113 .................................................................... 116 R v Johnson [1989] 1 All ER 121 .............................................................. 132 R v Johnson [1995] Crim LR 53 ........................................................ 125, 171 R v Johnson, R v Hind (2005) The Times, 3 May ........................................ 105 R v Johnson (2007) 171 JPR 574 ............................................................... 231 R v Johnstone [2003] 1 WLR 1736 .............................................................. 34 R v Jones, Dowling, Jones and Brown (1994) 158 JPR 293 ....................... 121 R v Jones, R v Nelson (1999) The Times, 21 April .................................... 117 R v K (1999) The Times, 16 July ................................................................. 82 R v Kansal (No. 2) [2002] 1 All ER 257 ........................................................ 34 R v Keane [1994] 2 All ER 479 .................................................................. 133 R v Kearley (1992) 95 Cr App R 88 ............................................... 8, 198, 216 R v Kemble [1990] Crim LR 71 ................................................................... 78 R v Kempster [1989] Crim LR 747 ............................................................. 51 R v Kennedy [1992] Crim LR 37 ................................................................ 202 R v Keogh [2007] 3 All ER 1500 .................................................................. 36 R v Khan (1981) 73 Cr App R 190 ............................................................... 70 R v Khan (Sultan) [1996] 3 All ER 289 ...................................................... 242 R v Kingston (1776) 20 St Tr 355 ............................................................. 149 R v Knight (2003) The Times, 20 August ................................................... 105 R v Knowlden (1983) 77 Cr App R 277 ................................................. 85, 86 R v Krausz (1973) 57 Cr App R 466 .......................................................... 157 R v Kurasch [1915] 2 KB 749 ................................................................... 167 R v L (Evidence of Wife) (2008) The Times, 14 May .................................... 76 R v Ladlow, Moss, Green and Jackson [1989] Crim LR 219 ....................... 116 R v Lamb (1980) 71 Cr App R 198 ............................................................ 121 R v Lambert [2001] UKHRR 1074 ............................................................... 34 R v Lamont [1989] Crim LR 813 ......................................................... 83, 236 R v Landon [1995] Crim LR 338 ................................................................. 92 R v Langford [1990] Crim LR 653 ............................................................. 132 R v Latif and Shahzad [1996] Crim LR 415 ................................................ 241 R v Lawrence & Ors. [2002] Crim LR 585 ................................................. 135 R v Lawrence [1977] Crim LR 492 ............................................................ 159 R v Lawson [2007] 1 Cr App R 11 .............................................................. 178 R v Leeds Crown Court, ex p Switalski [1991] Crim LR 559 ...................... 142 R v Liacopoulos [1991] 10 Arch News 1 ..................................................... 91 R v Lillyman [1896] 2 QB 167 .................................................................... 158 R v Lobell [1957] 1 QB 547 ........................................................................ 23 R v Lockley and Corah [1995] 2 Cr App R 554 .......................................... 202 R v Long (1973) 57 Cr App R 871 ............................................................. 115 R v Loosely, Attorney General's Ref. (No. 3 of 2000) [2001] 1 WLR 2060 .................................................................................. 248 R v Lovell [1990] Crim LR 111 .................................................................... 85 R v Lucas [1981] QB 720 ............................................................................ 90 R v Luffe (1807) 8 East 193 ....................................................................... 43 R v Lumley (1869) LR 1 CCR 196 ................................................................ 41 R v Lyons & Ors. [2002] 4 All ER 1028 ......................................................... 99 R v M'Naghten (1843) I0CL & F 20 ............................................................. 23 R v Machado (2006) 170 JPR 400 .............................................................. 169 R v Macmath [1997] Crim LR 58 ............................................................... 119 R v Maish [1986] Crim LR 395 .................................................................. 225 R v Makanjuola, R v Easton [1995] 3 All ER 730 .......................................... 86 R v Malashev [1997] Crim LR 587 ............................................................. 119 R v Malindi [1967] AC 315 ......................................................................... 167 R v Manning (1923) 17 Cr App R 85 .......................................................... 125 R v Maqsud Ali, R v Ashiq Hussain [1965] 2 All ER 464 ..................... 184, 229 R v Martin (Anthony) [2002] 2 WLR 1, [2002] 1 Cr App R 323 .................. 212 R v Martin James Owen, unreported, 11 April 2001 .................................. 203 R v Martinez-Tobon [1994] 2 All ER 90 ..................................................... 100 R v Mason (1988) 86 Cr App R 349 ........................................................... 238 R v Matthews, Voss and Dennison [1990] Crim LR 190 ............................ 237 R v Matthias [1989] Crim LR 64 .................................................................. 76 R v Maw [1994] Crim LR 841 .................................................................... 155 R v McAndrew-Bingham [1999] 2 Cr App R 293 .......................................... 71 R v McDonald (1990) The Times, 29 August ............................................. 149 R v McGarry [1999] 1 Cr App R 377 .......................................................... 103 R v McLean (1967) 52 Cr App R 80 ................................................... 183, 209 R v McNeil (2008) 172 JPR 50 .................................................................... 169 R v Meredith (1943) 29 Cr App R 40 ............................................................ 75 R v Miah [2001] 10 Arch News 2 .............................................................. 120 R v Miell [2008] 1 WLR 627 ......................................................................... 63 R v Milford [2001] Crim LR 330 ................................................................. 104 R v Miller [1986] 1 WLR 1192 ............................................................ 232, 238 R v Miller [1997] Crim LR 217 ........................................................... 167, 207 R v Minors, R v Harper [1989] 2 All ER 208 ................................................. 12 R v Mitchell (1892) 17 Cox CC 403 ........................................................... 100 R v Moghal (1977) 65 Cr App R 56 ............................................................ 213 R v Montgomery [1966] NI 120 ............................................................... 126 R v Moscovitch (1925) 18 Cr App R 37 ....................................................... 69 R v Mountford [1999] Crim LR 575 ........................................................... 103 R v Murray [1997] 2 Cr App R 136 ............................................................. 212 R v Mustafa (1976) 65 Cr App R 109 ......................................................... 125 R v N (1998) The Times, 13 February ....................................................... 103 R v N (K) (2007) 171 JPR 158 .................................................................... 198 R v Nagrecha (1997) 2 Cr App R 401 ......................................................... 160 R v Napper (1997) 161 JPR 161 ................................................................ 106 R v Neville [1991] Crim LR 288 ................................................................. 184 R v Nicholson (1999) The Times, 7 September ........................................ 119 R v O (A) [2000] Crim LR 419 ..................................................................... 91 R v O'Brien (2000) The Times, 16 February .............................................. 225 R v O'Brien [1982] Crim LR 746 ................................................................ 121 R v O'Connor [1980] Crim LR 43 ................................................................. 83 R v O'Connor [1987] 1 QB 920, (1987) 85 Cr App R 304 ............................. 50 R v O'Laughlin and McLaughlin (1987) 85 Cr App R 157 ............................ 207 R v Oakwell (1978) 66 Cr App R 174 ......................................................... 113 R v Okorodu [1982] Crim LR 747 .............................................................. 121 R v Ollis [1900] 2 QB 758 ........................................................................... 56 R v P (GR) [1998] Crim LR 663 ................................................................. 211 R v P [1991] 3 All ER 337 .......................................................... 170, 171, 178 R v P [2001] 2 WLR 462 ........................................................................... 244 R v Paraskeva (1982) 76 Cr App R 162 ..................................................... 164 R v Parker [1996] Crim LR 511 ................................................................. 211 R v Patel [2002] Crim LR 304 ................................................................... 132 R v Paul [1920] 2 KB 183 ........................................................................... 75 R v Payne [1963] 1 WLR 637 ............................................................ 230, 238 R v PB [2001] EWCA Crim 3042 ................................................................. 160 R v Pearce (2002) 166 JPR 103 .................................................................. 76 R v Petrie [1961] 1 WLR 358 ...................................................................... 24 R v Pieterson [1995] 1 WLR 293 .............................................................. 126 R v Pipe (1967) 51 Cr App R 17 .................................................................. 75 R v Popat [1998] 2 Cr App R 208 .............................................................. 119 R v Popat (No. 2) [2000] 1 Cr App R 387 .................................................. 119 R v Prater [1960] 2 QB 464 ........................................................................ 85 R v Preston [1994] 2 AC 130 .................................................................... 229 R v Prince [1990] Crim LR 49 ................................................................... 164 R v Quinn [1995] 1 Cr App R 480 .............................................................. 118 R v Radak [1999] 1 Cr App R 187 ............................................................. 203 R v Randall [2004] 1 Cr App R 26 ............................................................... 178 R v Rankine [1986] 2 All ER 52 ................................................................. 132 R v Rasool, R v Choudhary (1997) The Times, 17 February ...................... 241 R v Rawlings and Broadbent [1995] 1 All ER 580 ...................................... 211 R v Redbridge Youth Court, R v Bicester Youth Court [2001] 4 All ER 411 .................................................................................... 71 R v Redgrave (1982) 74 Cr App R 10 ........................................................ 166 R v Redpath (1962) 46 Cr App R 319 .......................................................... 82 R v Rice [1963] 1 QB 857 ......................................................................... 183 R v Richardson [1971] 2 WLR 889 ............................................................. 153 R v Ricketts [1991] Crim LR 915 .............................................................. 207 R v Riley (1887) 18 QBD 481 .................................................................... 157 R v Robb (1991) 93 Cr App R 161 ..................................................... 126, 220 R v Roberts (1878) 14 Cox CC 101 ............................................................. 40 R v Roberts (1999) The Times, 14 September ......................................... 126 R v Roberts [1990] Crim LR 122 ............................................................... 224 R v Robertson and Golder [1987] 1 QB 920, (1987) 85 Cr App R 304 ......... 50 R v Robinson (1993) The Times, 25 November .......................................... 78 R v Robinson [1996] Crim LR 417 .............................................................. 91 R v Rouse [1904] 1 KB 104 ....................................................................... 167 R v Rowland (1826) Ry & M 401 ................................................................. 74 R v Rowton (1865) Le & Ca 520 ............................................................... 166 R v Rudd (1948) 32 Cr App R 138 ............................................................... 75 R v Rushton (1786) 1 L Ca L 403 ................................................................ 69 R v Ryan [1990] Crim LR 50 ..................................................................... 114 R v S (Evidence: Sex Abuse) (2004) The Times, 11 June .......................... 159 R v S, R v W [2007] 2 All ER 974 ................................................................ 163 R v Said [1992] Crim LR 433 .................................................................... 159 R v Samuel (1956) 40 Cr App R 8 ............................................................. 167 R v Samuel [1988] QB 615 ............................................................... 232, 238 R v Sang [1980] AC 402 ................................................................... 229, 238 R v Sargent [2001] 1 Cr App R 168 .......................................................... 244 R v Sat-Bhambra [1988] Crim LR 453 ....................................................... 236 R v Saunders [1989] 1 QB 490 ................................................................. 183 R v Saunders, Parnes, Ronson and Lyons (2002) The Times, 1 February ............................................................................... 99 R v Sawoniuk [2000] 2 Cr App R 220 ........................................................ 171 R v Schama (1914) 11 Cr App R 45 ............................................................ 20 R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p W (1999) The Times, 19 May ......................................................................... 49 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Turgut [2000] HRLR 337 ...................................................................................... 233 R v Sellick [2005] 1 WLR 3257 .................................................................. 196
R (Limbuela) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004) The Times, 9 February 233 R (Nasseri) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] 1 All ER 411 ............................................................................................... 233 R v Secretary of State for Trade, ex p McCormick (1998) The Times, 10 February .................................................................. 99 R v Secretary of State, ex p Lees [1941] 1 KB 72 ..................................... 128 R v Shannon [2001] 1 Cr App R 168 ......................................................... 229 R v Sharman (1736) Cas KB Temp Hardw 303 73 ........................................ 74 R v Sharp [1993] 3 All ER 225 .................................................................... 91 R v Sharrock [1948] 1 All ER 145 ................................................................ 74 R v Shaw (1830) 1 Lew CC 116 ................................................................ 122 R v Shayler [2002] 2 All ER 477 ........................................................ 131, 138 R v Shephard [1993] 1 All ER 225 ...................................................... 12, 193 R v Sheridan [1937] 1 KB 223 .................................................................... 57 R v Silcott, Braithwaite and Raghip (1991) The Times, 9 December ....................................................... 225, 236 R v Silverlock [1894] 2 QB 766 ......................................................... 220, 221 R v Simpson [1983] 3 All ER 789 ................................................................ 43 R v Singh (2006) 170 JPR 222 ................................................................... 198 R v Smith (1915) 1 Cr App R 229 ............................................................. 171 R v Smith (Joe) [2001] 1 WLR 1031 ......................................................... 135 R v Smith (Percy) [1976] Crim LR 511 ...................................................... 122 R v Smith and Currier [1918] 2 KB 415 .................................................... 171 R v Smith and Doe (1987) 85 Cr App R 197 ............................................. 113 R v Smolinski [2004] 2 Cr App R 40 ........................................................... 162 R v Smurthwaite and Gill [1994] 1 All ER 898 ........................................... 241 R v Snaresbrook Crown Court, ex p DPP [1987] Crim LR 824 ................... 142 R v Somanathan [2005] The Times, 18 November ................................... 178 R v South Ribble Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p Cochrane (1996) The Times, 24 June ...................................................................... 152 R v Spencer (1986) 83 Cr App R 277 .......................................................... 85 R v Spiby [1991] Crim LR 199 ............................................................ 12, 193 R v Spurge [1961] 2 QB 205, [1961] 2 All ER 688 ...................................... 24 R v Stagg [1994] 9 Arch News 4 ...................................... 220, 230, 238, 239 R v Staines and Morrisey [1997] 2 Cr Ap R 426 .......................................... 98 R v Stephenson [2006] ECWA Crim 2325 .................................................. 160 R v Stockwell (1993) The Times, 11 March ................................................ 225 R v Straffen [1952] 2 QB 911 ........................................................... 125, 171 R v Stretton (1986) 86 Cr App R 7 .............................................................. 68 R v Sutton (1816) 4 M&S 532 ................................................................... 189 R v T, R v H [2002] 1 All ER 683 ................................................................ 159 R v Taylor (1923) 17 Cr App R 109 ........................................................... 125 R v Taylor [2006] Crim LR 639 ................................................................... 195 R v Taylor (Michelle Anne) (1994) 98 Cr App R 361 .................................. 115 R v Tate [1908] 2 KB 68 ............................................................................ 100 R v Terry (2004) The Times, 28 December ................................................. 60 R v Thomas [1998] Crim LR 887 ...................................................... 204, 208 R v Thompson [1912] KB 19 .................................................................... 213 R v Thorne [1981] Crim LR 702 ................................................................ 117 R v Tirnaveanu [2007] 4 All ER 301 ........................................................... 169 R v Togher, Doran and Parsons [2001] 3 All ER 463 .................................. 247 R v Toner [1991] Crim LR 627 .................................................................. 225 R v Tottenham Justice, ex p ML (1986) 82 Cr App R 277 .......................... 123 R v Travers (1726) 2 STR 700 ...................................................................... 69 R v Traynor, unreported, Case Nos T951411 and T960912 (Liverpool Crown Court, July 1996) .......................................................... 163 R v Trevor Douglas K (1993) 97 Cr App R 342 .......................................... 133 R v Triano (1987) 27 ACR 271 .................................................................... 17 R v Tricoglus (1976) 650 Cr App R 16 ........................................................ 171 R v Turnbull [1976] 3 All ER 549, [1977] QB 224 .............................. 112, 113 R v Turner (1975) 61 Cr App R 67, [1975] QB 834 .............................. 75, 219 R v Turner [1995] 3 All ER 433 ................................................................. 132 R v Ukpabio [2008] 1 WLR 728 .................................................................... 73 R v Varley [1982] 2 All ER 519 .................................................................. 168 R v Vigo (1978) 67 Cr App R 323 .............................................................. 153 R v Viola (1982) 75 Cr App R 125 ............................................................. 158 R v Voisin [1918] 1 KB 531, [1918-19] All ER Rep 491 ............................. 229 R v Wainwright (1875) 13 Cox CC 171 ...................................................... 213 R v Wainwright [1998] Crim LR 665 .................................................. 167, 207 R v Wakefield (1827) 2 Lew 279 ................................................................. 68 R v Wallace (2007) 171 JPR 543 ................................................................ 169 R v Wallwork (1958) 42 Cr App R 153 ......................................................... 70 R v Wang [2005] 1 WLR 661 ....................................................................... 19 R v Ward [1993] 2 All ER 577 ................................................................... 133 R v Warickshall (1783) 1 Leach 263 ......................................................... 229 R v Warner, R v Jones (1993) 96 Cr App R 324 ........................................... 51 R v Waters (1997) 161 JPR 249 ................................................................ 206 R v Watson [1980] 1 WLR 991 ................................................................. 236 R v Weightman (1990) The Times, 8 November ...................................... 226 R v Welstead [1996] Crim LR 48 .............................................................. 211 R v West, unreported, 14 September 1999 ............................................. 213 R v Whitehead [1929] 1 KB 99 ........................................................... 82, 100 R v Whitehouse [1996] Crim LR 50 .................................................... 89, 171 R v Williams (1835) 7 C&P 320 ................................................................... 69 R v Wilson (1983) 78 Cr App R 247 .......................................................... 183 R v Winfield (1939) 4 All ER 164 ............................................................... 167 R v Wood [1987] 1 WLR 779 .................................................................... 171 R v Woodcock [1963] Crim LR 273 ........................................................... 152 R v Wright (1934) 25 Cr App R 198 .......................................................... 121 R v Wright and Ormerod (1987) 90 Cr App R 91 ......................................... 70 R v Xhabri [2006] 1 All ER 776 ................................................................... 195 R v Yu [2006] Crim LR 643 ................................................................ ****203 R v Z [2000] 3 All ER 385 ..................................................... 56, 59, 168, 177 Sambasivam v Malaya Public Prosecutor [1950] AC 548 .............................. 56 Sapporo Maru (Owners) v Statue of Liberty [1968] 1 WLR 739 ................. 190 Savage v Chief Constable of Hampshire Constabulary [1997] 2 All ER 631 ................................................................................... 132 Savings and Investment Bank and Gasco Investments (Netherland) B V [1984] 1 WLR 271 .......................................................... 187 Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspaper Ltd. [1985] AC 339 ........................................................................................... 144 Science Research Council v Nassé [1980] AC 1028 .................................. 127 Scott v London and St. Katherine Docks Co. (1865) 34 LJ Ex 20, 3 HC 596 ................................................................................. 21 Selvey v DPP [1970] AC 304 ...................................................................... 167 Shand v R [1996] 1 All ER 511 ................................................................... 115 Sheldrake v DPP, Attorney General's Reference (No. 4 of 2002) [2003] 2 All ER 497; [2005] 1 All ER 237 34 Shephard v Cartwright [1955] AC 431 ......................................................... 43 Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors [1985] 1 All ER 643 ............. 220 Smith v Linskills (a firm) [1996] 2 All ER 355 ............................................... 54 Sociedale Nationale de Combustiveis De Angola v Lundqvist [1991] 2 WLR 280 ....................................................................... 95 Society of Medical Officers of Health v Hope [1960] AC 551 ........................ 55 Solicitor, Re A (1996) The Times, 18 March ................................................. 54 Somatra Ltd. v Sinclair Roche & Temperley [2000] 2 LLR 673 .................. 150 Sophocleous v Ringer [1988] RTR 52 ........................................................ 193 Soward v Leggatt (1836) 7 Cand P 613, 173 ER 269 ................................... 22 Spenceley v De Wilmott (1806) 7 East 108 .............................................. 179 Stanton v Callaghan [1999] 2 WLR 745 ..................................................... 222 Stirland v DPP [1944] AC 315 ............................................................ 167, 169 Stockdale v Hansard (1839) 9 A&E 1 .......................................................... 46 Stupple v Royal Insurance Co. Ltd. [1970] 3 All ER 230 .............................. 49 Sturla v Freccia (1880) 5 App Cas 623182 ................................................ 189 Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965 ............................... 182 Sumitomo Corporation v Credit Lyonnais Rouse Ltd. [2002] 1 WLR 479, [2001] 2 LLR 517 ........................................................ 141 Sutton v Sutton [1970] 1 WLR 183 ............................................................. 49 Sweet v Parsley [1970] AC 132 ................................................................... 25 Tate Access Floor Inc v Boswell [1991] 2 WLR 304 ..................................... 95 Taylor v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester (1995) The Times, 19 January .............................................................................. 134 Taylor v Taylor [1970] 2 All ER 609 .............................................................. 49 Teper v R [1952] AC 480 ........................................................................... 215 Thoday v Thoday [1964] 1 All ER 341 .......................................................... 52 Theodoropoulas v Theodoropoulas [1963] 2 All ER 722 ............................ 150 Thompson v R [1918] AC 221 ........................................................... 124, 171 Thompson v Thompson [1957] P 19 ........................................................... 56 Thorpe v Greater Manchester Chief Constable ......................................... 180 [1989] 2 All ER 827 Three Rivers District Council v Governor and Company of the Bank of England (No 6) [2004] 3 WLR 1274 .............................................. 141 Toohey v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1965] AC 595 ..................... 165 Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461 ........................................................................................ 146 Townsend v Bishop [1939] 1 All ER 805 ...................................................... 54 Tumahole Bereng v R [1949] AC 253 .......................................................... 89 Turner v Royal Bank of Scotland (1999) The Times, 17 April ..................... 147 Unilever plc v Proctor and Gamble Co. (1999) The Times, 4 November .... 150 United States of America v McRae (1868) 3 Ch App 79 ............................... 94 Universal Thermosensors Ltd. v Hibben [1992] 1 WLR 840 ........................ 95 Ventouris v Mountain (No. 2) The Italian Express [1992] 1 WLR 887 .... 7, 186 W (Minors) (Wardship Evidence), Re [1990] 1 FLR 203 ............................. 192 W v Edgell [1989] 1 All ER 1985 ................................................................ 149 Wakelin v London & South Western Railway (1996) 12 App Cas 41 ............. 22 Walker v Wilsher (1889) 23 QBD 335 ........................................................ 150 Warner v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 2 AC 256 .................... 25 Wauchope v Mordecai [1970] 1 All ER 417 .................................................. 49 Waugh v British Railways Board [1980] AC 521 ......................................... 140 Wellington v DPP (2007) 171 JPR 497 ........................................................ 209 Wells v Wells [1998] 3 WLR 329 ................................................................ 192 West Midland Passenger Executive v Singh [1988] 2 All ER 873 ............... 179 Wetherall v Harrison [1976] 1 All ER 241 ..................................................... 44 Wheeler v Le Merchant (1881) 17 Ch D 675 ............................................. 139 Whitehouse v Jordan [1981] 1 WLR 246 ................................................... 222 Whitelock v Baker (1807) 13 Vesey 511 ................................................... 191 Wilkes v Wood (1763) 19 St Tr 1153 ......................................................... 242 Williams v DPP [1993] 3 All ER 365 ............................................................ 240 Williams v East India Co. (1802) 3 East 192, 102 ER 571 ............................ 41 Williams v R [1997] 1 WLR 548 ................................................................. 116 Wilson v Wilson [1903] P 157 .................................................................... 227 Winsor v R (1866) LR 1 QB 390 ................................................................... 75 Wong Kam-Ming v R [1980] AC 247 .......................................................... 237 Woodhouse v Hall (1980) 72 Cr App R 39 ................................................. 183 Woolgar v Chief Constable of Sussex Police and UKCC [1999] Ll RM 335 ....................................................................................... 149 Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 42 ................................................... 20, 23, 37 Worral v Powergen plc (1999) The Times, 10 February ............................. 192 Wright v Doe d. Tatham (1837) 7 Ad & El 313 ........................................... 216 X Ltd. v Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd. [1991] 1 AC 1 ........................ 145 X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648 ........................................................................... 149 XYZ v Schering Health Care Ltd. Re the Oral Contraception Litigation [2002] All ER (D) 437 ......................................................... 222, 223 Young v HM Advocate, 1932 JC 63, [1932] SLT R 466 ................................. 75 Cases from Other Jurisdictions McMahon v McElroy (1969) 5 IR Rep Eq 1 ................................................... 42 People (A-G) v Casey (No. 2) [1963] IR 33 (Supreme Court of Eire ) .............................................................................. 89 R v Tupedo (1920) AD 58 .......................................................................... 126 State v Mbatha [1996] 2 LRC 208 (South African Constitutional Court ) ................................................................................... 31 State of New Hampshire v Joel Hungerford (1997); http://www.state.nh.us/court/supreme.htm ................................................................ 162 USA v Zenni (1980) 492 Fed Supp 464 ..................................................... 217
Table of Statutes
1792 Fox's Libel Act ................................................................................. 17
1795 Treason Act s.1 .......................................................................... 83
1812 Parochial Registers Act ...................................................................... 3
1845 Evidence Act ..................................................................................... 3
1865 Criminal Procedure Act s.3 .................................................................. 156, 181 s.4 ......................................................................... 156 s.5 ......................................................................... 156 s.6 ......................................................................... 159
1868 Documentary Evidence Act s.2 .......................................................................... 46 s.5 .......................................................................... 46
1879 Bankers' Book Evidence Act s.6 .......................................................................... 77 s.7 ......................................................................... 146
1882 Bill of Exchange Act s.30 (2) .................................................................... 24
1890 Partnership Act s.2 (3) ....................................................................... 8
1898 Criminal Evidence Act (as amended) s.1 (1) ..................................................................... 75 s.1 (2) .................................................................... 161 s.1 (3) .................................................................... 162
1911 Perjury Act s.1 (6) ..................................................................... 17 s.13 ......................................................................... 83
1916 Prevention of Corruption Act s.2 .......................................................................... 24
1920 Administration of Justice Act s.15 ......................................................................... 17
1933 Children and Young Persons Act s.38 (1) .................................................................... 69
1935 Public Order Act s.5 .......................................................................... 16
1938 Evidence Act s.6 (1) .................................................................... 190
1953 Prevention of Crime Act s.1 (1) ..................................................................... 24
1956 Sexual Offences Act s.30 (2) .................................................................... 25
1957 Affiliation Proceedings Act s.4 .......................................................................... 83
1957 Homicide Act s.2 (2) ..................................................................... 24
1961 Factories Act 1961 s.29 (1) .................................................................... 26
1964 Licensing Act s.160 (1) .................................................................. 26
1968 Civil Evidence Act s.2 ......................................................................... 187 s.3 ......................................................................... 188 s.4 ......................................................................... 187 s.5 ......................................................................... 187 s.9 ......................................................................... 191 s.10 .......................................................................... 3 s.11 ......................................................................... 48 s.12 ......................................................................... 49 s.13 ......................................................................... 50 s.14 ......................................................................... 75
1968 Theft Act s.1 (1) ..................................................................... 16 s.22 ......................................................................... 13 s.27 (3) .................................................................. 171
1971 Criminal Damage Act s.1 (1) ..................................................................... 25
1971 Misuse of Drugs Act s.5 .......................................................................... 26 s.28 (2) .................................................................... 24
1971 Town and Country Planning Act s.60 (6) .................................................................... 28 s.102 (1) .................................................................. 28
1972 Civil Evidence Act s.3 .................................................................. 227, 228 s.4 .................................................................. 227, 228
1973 Matrimonial Causes Act s.4 (1) ..................................................................... 56
1974 Rehabilitation of Offenders Act s.4 (1) .................................................................... 164 s.7 (3) .................................................................... 164
1976 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act s.2 ......................................................................... 157
1978 Oaths Act s.1 .......................................................................... 77 s.4 .......................................................................... 77 s.5 .......................................................................... 78
1980 Magistrates' Court Act s.101 ....................................................................... 25
1981 Contempt of Court Act s.10 ....................................................................... 144
1981 Supreme Court Act s.72 (1) .................................................................... 95 s.87 (3) .................................................................. 189
1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act s.8 ......................................................................... 142 s.9 ......................................................................... 142 s.10 ....................................................................... 142 s.19 ....................................................................... 142 s.61 ....................................................................... 122 s.62 ....................................................................... 122 s.62 (1A) ................................................................ 122 s.63 (3A) ................................................................ 122 s.64 ....................................................................... 122 s.69 ....................................................................... 210 s.74 ......................................................................... 50 s.76 (2) (a) ...................................................... 231, 232 s.76 (4) (a) ............................................................. 231 s.76 (4) (b) ............................................................. 231 s.76A (7) ................................................................ 232 s.77 .................................................................. 83, 236 s.78 ............................................................ 71, 238-249 s.80 ......................................................................... 75 s.80A ................................................................... 75=6 s.82 (3) .................................................................... 19
1984 Road Traffic Regulation Act s.89 (1) .................................................................... 83
1985 Administration of Justice Act s.33 ....................................................................... 149
1987 Criminal Justice Act s.2 .......................................................................... 94
1988 Criminal Justice Act ss.23-26 and 30 .......................................... 192, 199, 200 s.32 (1) .................................................... 3, 66, 72, 210 s.32A (1), (2) ..................................................... 72, 210 s.32A (3) (c) ...................................................... 71, 210 s.33A (2A) ................................................................ 70
1989 Official Secrets Act 1989 s.1 (1) .................................................................... 138 s.4 ......................................................................... 138
1989 Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act s.16A .................................................................. 25, 29 s.16B .................................................................. 25, 29
1990 Environment Act s.71 (2) .................................................................... 97
1991 Criminal Justice Act s.52 ......................................................................... 70 s.54 .......................................................................... 3
1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act s.31 167 s.32 84, 87 s.34 101 s.35 75, 106 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act s.36 107 s.37 107 s.52 (3) .................................................................. 122 s.55 122
1995 Civil Evidence Act s.1 (1) .................................................................... 185 s.1 (2) ............................................................... 11, 185 s.2 ................................................................ 187, 185 s.3 .................................................................. 188, 189 s.4 ................................................................ 7, 11, 185 s.5 (2) .................................................................... 189 s.6 .................................................................. 156, 190 s.7 .................................................................. 190, 191 s.8 ......................................................................... 187 s.9 ......................................................................... 187 s.10 ................................................................ 185, 191 s.11 ....................................................................... 192 s.13 ....................................................................... 190 s.14 ................................................................ 185, 186 s.16 (5) ..................................................... 185, 189, 192
1996 Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act s.11 ....................................................................... 101 s.54 ......................................................................... 59 s.62 ....................................................................... 210 Parts I and II ........................................................... 133
1998 Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act s.1 ......................................................................... 110 s.2 ......................................................................... 110
1998 Human Rights Act s.2 .......................................................................... 96 s.3 .................................................................... 32, 141 s.4 .......................................................................... 96 s.7 .......................................................................... 30 s.10 ......................................................................... 96 s.22 (4) .................................................................... 30
1998 Offences against the State (Amendment) Act s.2 ......................................................................... 107
1999 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act s.16 67, 68 s.17 67 s.19 69 s.20 69 1999 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act s.21 69 s.22 ......................................................................... 69 s.23 .................................................................. 67, 210 s.24 ............................................................. 67, 72, 210 s.25 ......................................................................... 67 s.26 ......................................................................... 67 s.27 .................................................................. 67, 211 s.28 .................................................................. 67, 211 s.29 ......................................................................... 67 s.30 ......................................................................... 67 s.33A ....................................................................... 74 s.34 ..................................................................... 3,155 s.35 .................................................................... 3, 155 s.41 ............................................................. 3, 159, 160 s.53 .................................................................... 67, 74 s.54 ......................................................................... 70 s.55 ......................................................................... 70 s.58 ....................................................................... 107 s.60 ....................................................................... 210
2000 Freedom of Information Act s.1 .................................................................... 131135 s.23 ....................................................................... 133 s.31 ......................................................................... 33
2000 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act s.3 ......................................................................... 234 s.17 ................................................................ 245, 246 s.18 ....................................................................... 247 s.27 ....................................................................... 247
2000 Terrorism Act s.11 ......................................................................... 35
2001 Criminal Justice and Police Act s.78 ....................................................................... 123 s.81 ....................................................................... 123 s.82 (2) .................................................................. 123
2003 Criminal Justice Act s.9 ....................................................................... 122 s.10 122 ss.32-37 ................................................................. 133 s.75 62 s.76 62 s.77 63 s.78 62 s.98 168 s.99 154, 157, 168 s.100 ...................................................................... 169 s.101 ............................................................... 122, 169 s.103 ............................................................... 173, 170 s.106 ...................................................................... 169 s.107 ........................................................... 18, 87, 172 s.112 ...................................................................... 173 s.113 ............................................................... 173, 168 s.114 ............................................................... 194, 195 s.115 ............................................................... 198, 217 s.116 .................................................. 194, 199, 201-208 s.117 ........................................................ 194, 199, 208 s.118 .................................... 168, 194, 199, 200, 211, 212 s.120 ...................................................................... 154 s.121 ............................................................... 209, 218 s.125 ....................................................................... 18 s.126 ...................................................................... 218 s.128 ...................................................................... 194 s.129 ...................................................................... 210 s.133 ...................................................................... 209 s.134 ...................................................................... 167 s.137 ................................................................ 70, 211 s.139 ...................................................................... 154 s.140 ............................................................... 154, 210 s.141 ...................................................................... 173
2006 Police and Justice Act s.47 74
List of Abbreviations
AC Appeal Cases (UK 1891-date) AD Appellate Division Reports (South Africa: 1910-46) Ad&E Adolphus & Ellis' Reports (KB 1834-40) All ER All England Reports (1936-date) All ER Rep All England Reports (Reprint) App Cas Appeal Cases (UK 1876-90) Arch News Archbold News Beav Beavan's Reports (Rolls 1836-66) Bing Bingham's Reports (CP 1822-34) B&S Best & Smith's Reports (KB 1861-5) Bro CC Brown's Chancery Reports (1778-1794) BWCC Butterworth's Workmen's Compensation Cases (1908-1946) Cas KB t Hard Kelyne (W) Ch. (1730-1734) CLJ Cambridge Law Journal (1921-date) Camp Campbell 's Reports (NP 1808-16) CAR Criminal Appeal Reports (CCA 1909-date) Cr App R Criminal Appeal Reports (1908-date) CB Common Bench Reports (CP 1845-66) CCR Reports of Cases determined by the Court of Crown Cases Reserved Ch Chancery Reports ( Eng. 1891-date) Ch D Chancery Division Reports (1876-90) C&K Carrington & Kirwan's Reports (NP 1843-50) CL & F Clarke & Finelly (1831-1846) CLP Current Legal Problems (London: 1948-date) CLR Commonwealth Law Reports (Australia: 1903-date) C&M Carrington & Marshman's Reports (NP 1840-2) Cox CC Cox's Criminal Cases (1843-1940) CP Common Pleas Reports (1866-75) C&P Carrington and Payne (NP 1823-41) CPD Common Pleas Division Crim LR Criminal Law Review ( England ) Cro Car Croke's Reports (KB 1625-41) Cro Jac Croke's Reports (KB 1603-25) Dears & B Dearsley & Bell's Reports (Crown 1852-6) De G, M&G De Gex, M c Naghten & Garden's Reports (Ch. 1851-7) DLR Dominion Law Reports (Canada: 1912-date) Doug Douglas (1774-1785) East East's Reports (KB 1801-12) E&B Ellis & Blackburn (1851-1858) ECWA Crim England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) EHRLR European Human Rights Law Review EHRR European Human Rights Reports Eq Reports of Equity Cases (England 1866-75) E&P International Journal of Evidence and Proof ER The English Reports Ex Exchequer Reports (1866-75) Ex Div Exchequer Division Reports (1875-80) F&F Foster & Findson's Reports (NP 1858-67) FLR Family Law Reports Harv LR Harvard Law Review (1887-date) H&C Hurlstone & Coltman's Reports (Ex. 1862-6) HL House of Lords Reports HLC House of Lords Cases (HL 1847-66) HR Human Rights ( Jordans , Bristol ) ICR Industrial Cases Reportss ILTR Irish Law Times Reports (1867-date) Ir R or IR Irish Reports IYLCT International Yearbook of Law, Computer and Technology JC Justiciary Cases ( Scotland ) (1916-date) J Crim L Journal of Criminal Law JPR Justice of the Peace Reports ( England ) JPN Justice of the Peace (Notes) KB King's Bench Reports ( England ) Leach Leach CC (1730-1815) Lew Lewin CC (1822-1838) LJ Law Journal Reports (1831-1949) Ll R Lloyd's Reports (1968-date) Ll RM Lloyd's Medical Reports LQR Law Quarterly Review (England: 1885-date) LRCP Common Pleas Cases (1865-1875) LRQB Queen's Bench (1865-1875) LS Legal Studies LT Law Times Reports (England: 1859-1948) M&G Manning & Grainger's Reports (CP 1840-4) MLR Modern Law Review (England: 1937-date) Moo PC Moore 's Reports, Privy Council (PC 1836-62) Moo &R Moody & Robinson's Reports (NP 1831-44) M&S Maule & Selwyn's Reports (KB 1813-17) M&W Meeson & Welsby's Reports (Ex. 1836-47) NLJ New Law Journal (England: 1966-date) NI Northern Ireland Reports NILQ Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly (1936-date) NP Nisi Prius NZLR New Zealand Law Reports (1883-date) OJLS Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (1981-date) P Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division Reports (1891-date) PD Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division Reports (1876-90) Peake Peake's Reports (NP 1790-1812) QB Queen's Bench Reports (1891-1901, 1952-date) QBD Queens Bench Division Reports (1876-90) RTR Road Traffic Reports Ry & M Ryan & Moody (1823-1826) Salk Salked KB (1689-1712) SASR South Australian State Reports (1921-date) SC Session Cases ( Scotland ) SCR Supreme Court Reports (Canada: 1970-date) Sim & St Simons & Stuart (1822-1826) SJ Solicitor's Journal (1857-date) SLT Scottish Law Times Reports (1893-date) Stark Starkie's Reports (NP 1815-22) Str Strange's Reports (KB 1716-49) St Tr Howell's State Trials ( London , 1828) Syd LR Sydney Law Review TLR Times Law Reports (England: 1884-1952) TR Term Reports (1785-1800) UKHL United Kingdom House of Lords UKHRR United Kingdom Human Rights Reports UNSWLJ University of New South Wales Law Journal U Pa LR University of Pennsylvania Law Review (1852-date) US United States Supreme Court Reports (1754-date) VR Victoria Reports (1957-date) Willes Willes' Reports (CP 1737-60) WLR Weekly Law Reports ( England : 1953-date
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